Osteoporosis

1.

Access Economics Pty Ltd, Prepared for Osteoporosis Australia. The Burden of Brittle Bones: Costing Osteoporosis in Australia. 1-36. 2001.

2.

 National Health and Medical Research Council. (2006) Executive Summary of Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes. Commonwealth Department of Health and Aging, Australia, Ministry of Health, New Zealand.

3.

Tran HA, Petrovsky N. Pregnancy-associated osteoporosis with hypercalcaemia. Int Med Journal 2002;32:481-5.

4.

Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ, III. Sex steroids and the construction and conservation of the adult skeleton. Endocr.Rev. 2002;23(3):279-302.

5.

Chapurlat RD, Gamero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Arlot ME, Claustrat B, Delmas PD. Longitudinal study of bone loss in pre- and perimenopausal women: evidence for bone loss in perimenopausal women. Osteoporos.Int. 2000;11(6):493-8.

6.

Nowson CA, Margerison C. Vitamin D intake and vitamin D status of Australians. Med J.Aust. 2002;177(3):149-52.

7.

Stein MS, Wark JD, Scherer SC, Walton SL, Chick P, Di Carlantonio M et al. Falls relate to vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in an Australian nursing home and hostel. J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 1999;47(10):1195-201.

8.

Simon J, LeBoff M, Wright J, Glowacki J. Fractures in the elderly and vitamin D. J.Nutr.Health Aging 2002;6(6):406-12.

9.

Grover SR, Morley R. Vitamin D deficiency in veiled or dark skinned pregnant women. MJA 2001;175:251-2.

10.

Bianchi ML, Bardella MT. Bone and celiac disease. Calcif.Tissue Int. 2002;71(6):465-71.

11.

Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N.Engl.J.Med. 1997;337(10):670-6.

12.

Heikinheimo RJ, Inkovaara JA, Harju EJ, Haavisto MV, Kaarela RH, Kataja JM et al. Annual injection of vitamin D and fractures of aged bones. Calcif.Tissue Int. 1992;51(2):105-10.

13.

Hoppe C, Molgaard C, Michaelsen KF. Bone size and bone mass in 10-year-old Danish children: effect of current diet. Osteoporos.Int. 2000;11(12):1024-30.

14. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 2001;285(6):785-95.

15.

French SA, Fulkerson JA, Story M. Increasing weight-bearing physical activity and calcium intake for bone mass growth in children and adolescents: a review of intervention trials. Prev.Med 2000;31(6):722-31.

16.

Fuchs RK, Bauer JJ, Snow CM. Jumping improves hip and lumbar spine bone mass in prepubescent children: a randomized controlled trial. J.Bone Miner.Res. 2001;16(1):148-56.

17.

Rhodes EC, Martin AD, Taunton JE, Donnelly M, Warren J, Elliot J. Effects of one year of resistance training on the relation between muscular strength and bone density in elderly women. Br.J.Sports Med. 2000;34(1):18-22.

18. Humphries B, Newton RU, Bronks R, Marshall S, McBride J, Triplett-McBride T et al. Effect of exercise intensity on bone density, strength, and calcium turnover in older women. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 2000;32(6):1043-50.
19. Fiatarone MA, Marks EC, Ryan ND, Meredith CN, Lipsitz LA, Evans WJ. High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Effects on skeletal muscle. JAMA 1990;263(22):3029-34.
20.

Henderson NK, White CP, Eisman JA. The roles of exercise and fall risk reduction in the prevention of osteoporosis. Endocrinol.Metab Clin.North Am. 1998;27(2):369-87.

 
21. Lohman T, Going S, Pamenter R, Hall M, Boyden T, Houtkooper L et al. Effects of resistance training on regional and total bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a randomized prospective study. J.Bone Miner.Res. 1995;10(7):1015-24.
22.

Kelley GA. Exercise and regional bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a meta-analytic review of randomized trials. Am.J.Phys.Med.Rehabil. 1998;77(1):76-87.
23. Lewis RD, Modlesky CM. Nutrition, physical activity, and bone health in women. Int.J.Sport Nutr. 1998;8(3):250-84.
24. Friedlander AL, Genant HK, Sadowsky S, Byl NN, Gluer CC. A two-year program of aerobics and weight training enhances bone mineral density of young women. J.Bone Miner.Res. 1995;10(4):574-85.
25. Kelley GA. Aerobic exercise and bone density at the hip in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis. Prev.Med. 1998;27(6):798-807.
26.

Hagberg JM, Zmuda JM, McCole SD, Rodgers KS, Ferrell RE, Wilund KR et al. Moderate physical activity is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 2001;49(11):1411-7.

27.

Wallace BA, Cumming RG. Systematic review of randomized trials of the effect of exercise on bone mass in pre- and postmenopausal women. Calcif.Tissue Int. 2000;67(1):10-8.

28.

Karlsson M. Does exercise reduce the burden of fractures? A review. Acta Orthop.Scand. 2002;73(6):691-705.

29.

McCartney N, Hicks AL, Martin J, Webber CE. A longitudinal trial of weight training in the elderly: continued improvements in year 2. J.Gerontol.A Biol.Sci.Med.Sci. 1996;51(6):B425-B433.
30.

Seeman E. Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men. The Lancet 200;359:1841-50.

31.

Harris S, Dawson-Hughes B. Rates of change in bone mineral density of the spine, heel, femoral neck and radius in healthy postmenopausal women. Bone Miner. 1992;17(1):87-95.

32.

 Pouilles JM, Tremollieres F, Ribot C. Effect of menopause on femoral and vertebral bone loss. J.Bone Miner.Res. 1995;10(10):1531-6.

33.

 Ward KD, Klesges RC. A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density. Calcif.Tissue Int. 2001;68(5):259-70

34.

Kanis JA. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report. WHO Study Group. Osteoporos.Int 1994;4(6):368-81.

35.

Cummings SR, Bates D, Black DM. Clinical use of bone densitometry. JAMA 2002;288(15):1889-97.
36.

Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288(3):321-33.

37.

Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z, Cummings SR, Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003;290(13):1729-38.
38.

Schnitzer T, Bone HG, Crepaldi G, Adami S, McClung M, Kiel D et al. Therapeutic equivalence of alendronate 70 mg once-weekly and alendronate 10 mg daily in the treatment of osteoporosis. Alendronate Once-Weekly Study Group. Aging (Milano.) 2000;12(1):1-12.
39. Greenspan SL, Emkey RD, Bone HG, Weiss SR, Bell NH, Downs RW et al. Significant differential effects of alendronate, estrogen, or combination therapy on the rate of bone loss after discontinuation of treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann.Intern.Med 2002;137(11):875-83.
40.

Cranney A, Tugwell P, Adachi J, Weaver B, Zytaruk N, Papaioannou A et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. III. Meta-analysis of risedronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr.Rev. 2002;23(4):517-23.

41.

Cranney A, Wells G, Willan A, Griffith L, Zytaruk N, Robinson V et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. II. Meta-analysis of alendronate for the treatment of postmenopausal women. Endocr.Rev. 2002;23(4):508-16.

42. Cranney A, Guyatt G, Krolicki N, Welch V, Griffith L, Adachi JD et al. A meta-analysis of etidronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos.Int. 2001;12(2):140-51.

43.

Cranney A, Tugwell P, Zytaruk N, Robinson V, Weaver B, Adachi J et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IV. Meta-analysis of raloxifene for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr.Rev. 2002;23(4):524-8.

44.

Rymer J, Robinson J, Fogelman I. Effects of 8 years of treatment with tibolone 2.5 mg daily on postmenopausal bone loss. Osteoporos.Int. 2001;12(6):478-83.

45.

Misof BM, Roschger P, Cosman F, Kurland ES, Tesch W, Messmer P et al. Effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone administration on bone mineralization density in iliac crest biopsies from patients with osteoporosis: a paired study before and after treatment. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2003;88(3):1150-6.

46.

Black DM, Greenspan SL, Ensrud KE, Palermo L, McGowan JA, Lang TF et al. The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N.Engl.J.Med. 2003;349(13):1207-15.

47.

Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, Prince R, Gaich GA, Reginster JY et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N.Engl.J.Med. 2001;344(19):1434-41.

48.

Meunier PJ, Slosman DO, Delmas PD, Sebert JL, Brandi ML, Albanese C et al. Strontium ranelate: dose-dependent effects in established postmenopausal vertebral osteoporosis--a 2-year randomized placebo controlled trial. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2002;87(5):2060-6.

49. Reginster, J. Y, Sawicki, A, Devogelaer, J. P, Padrino, J. m, and Kaufma, J. M. Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of hip fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 13(Suppl. 3), 14. 2002.
50. 50. Gillespie, L. D, Gillespie, W. J, Roberston, M. C, Lamb, S. E, Cumming, R. G, and Rowe, B. H. Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library (4). 2003. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Son Ltd
51.

Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, Gillespie W, Weaver B, Zytaruk N et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr.Rev. 2002;23(4):560-9.

52. Parker, M. J, Gillespie, L. D, and Gillespie, W. J. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in the elderly (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library (4). 2003. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
53.

Misra M, Klibanski A. Evaluation and treatment of low bone density in anorexia nervosa. Nutrition in Clinical Care 2002;5(6):298-308.

54. Seeman E, Szmukler GI, Formica C, Tsalamandris C, Mestrovic R. Osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa: the influence of peak bone density, bone loss, oral contraceptive use, and exercise. J.Bone Miner.Res. 1992;7(12):1467-74.
55. Walsh LJ, Lewis SA, Wong CA, Cooper S, Oborne J, Cawte SA et al. The impact of oral corticosteroid use on bone mineral density and vertebral fracture. Am.J.Respir.Crit Care Med 2002;166(5):691-5.
56.  van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C. The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos.Int 2002;13(10):777-87.
57  Blake GM, Fogelman I. Bone densitometry, steroids and osteoporosis. Curr.Opin.Nephrol.Hypertens. 2002;11(6):641-7.
58.  McIlwain HH. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Prev.Med. 2003;36(2):243-9.
59.  Chantler IW, Davie MW, Evans SF, Rees JS. Oral corticosteroid prescribing in women over 50, use of fracture prevention therapy, and bone densitometry service. Ann.Rheum.Dis. 2003;62(4):350-2.
60.  Adachi JD, Saag KG, Delmas PD, Liberman UA, Emkey RD, Seeman E et al. Two-year effects of alendronate on bone mineral density and vertebral fracture in patients receiving glucocorticoids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled extension trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(1):202-11.
61.  Eastell R, Devogelaer JP, Peel NF, Chines AA, Bax DE, Sacco-Gibson N et al. Prevention of bone loss with risedronate in glucocorticoid-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients. Osteoporos.Int. 2000;11(4):331-7.
62.   Loddenkemper K, Grauer A, Burmester GR, Buttgereit F. Calcium, vitamin D and etidronate for the prevention and treatment of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis in patients with rheumatic diseases. Clin.Exp.Rheumatol. 2003;21(1):19-26.
63.  Wallach S, Cohen S, Reid DM, Hughes RA, Hosking DJ, Laan RF et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on bone density and vertebral fracture in patients on corticosteroid therapy. Calcif.Tissue Int. 2000;67(4):277-85.
64.  Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: 2001 update. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Glucocoritcoid-Induced Osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(7):1496-503.
65.

Jodar E, Valdepenas MP, Martinez G, Jara A, Hawkins F. Long-term follow-up of bone mineral density in Addison's disease. Clin.Endocrinol.(Oxf) 2003;58(5):617-20.

66.

Peacey SR, Guo CY, Robinson AM, Price A, Giles MA, Eastell R et al. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy: are patients over treated and does it matter? Clin.Endocrinol.(Oxf) 1997;46(3):255-61.

67.

Valero MA, Leon M, Ruiz Valdepenas MP, Larrodera L, Lopez MB, Papapietro K et al. Bone density and turnover in Addison's disease: effect of glucocorticoid treatment. Bone Miner. 1994;26(1):9-17.

68.

Zelissen PM, Croughs RJ, van Rijk PP, Raymakers JA. Effect of glucocorticoid replacement therapy on bone mineral density in patients with Addison disease. Ann.Intern.Med 1994;120(3):207-10.

69.

Haugeberg G, Orstavik RE, Kvien TK. Effects of rheumatoid arthritis on bone. Curr.Opin.Rheumatol. 2003;15(4):469-75.

70.

Toft AD. Subclinical Hyperthyroidism. N.Engl.J.Med. 2001;345(7):512-6.

71.

Uzzan B, Campos J, Cucherat M, Nony P, Boissel JP, Perret GY. Effects on bone mass of long term treatment with thyroid hormones: a meta-analysis. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 1996;81(12):4278-89.

72.

Sijanovic S, Karner I. Bone loss in premenopausal women on long-term suppressive therapy with thyroid hormone. Medscape.Womens Health 2001;6(5):3.

73. Baldini M, Gallazzi M, Orsatti A, Fossati S, Leonardi P, Cantalamessa L. Treatment of benign nodular goitre with mildly suppressive doses of L-thyroxine: effects on bone mineral density and on nodule size. J.Intern.Med 2002;251(5):407-14.
74.

Bennell KL, Malcolm SA, Wark JD, Brukner PD. Skeletal effects of menstrual disturbances in athletes. Scand.J.Med.Sci.Sports 1997;7(5):261-73.

75.

Golden NH. A review of the female athlete triad (amenorrhea, osteoporosis and disordered eating). Int.J.Adolesc.Med.Health 2002;14(1):9-17.

76.

Hobart JA, Smucker DR. The female athlete triad. Am.Fam.Physician 2000;61(11):3357-64, 3367.

77.

Keen AD, Drinkwater BL. Irreversible bone loss in former amenorrheic athletes. Osteoporos.Int. 1997;7(4):311-5.

78.

Warren MP, Shantha S. The female athlete. Baillieres Best.Pract.Res.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2000;14(1):37-53.

79.

Warren MP, Brooks-Gunn J, Fox RP, Holderness CC, Hyle EP, Hamilton WG et al. Persistent osteopenia in ballet dancers with amenorrhea and delayed menarche despite hormone therapy: a longitudinal study. Fertil.Steril. 2003;80(2):398-404.
80.

Snow-Harter CM. Bone health and prevention of osteoporosis in active and athletic women. Clin.Sports Med. 1994;13(2):389-404.

81.

Cumming DC. Exercise-associated amenorrhea, low bone density, and estrogen replacement therapy. Arch.Intern.Med. 1996;156(19):2193-5.

82. Gibson JH, Mitchell A, Reeve J, Harries MG. Treatment of reduced bone mineral density in athletic amenorrhea: a pilot study. Osteoporos.Int. 1999;10(4):284-9.

83.

Shapiro CL, Manola J, LeBoff M. Ovarian failure after adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with rapid bone loss in women with early-stage breast cancer. J.Clin.Oncol. 2001;19(14):3306-11.

84.

Powles TJ, Hickish T, Kanis JA, Tidy A, Ashley S. Effect of tamoxifen on bone mineral density measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J.Clin.Oncol. 1996;14(1):78-84.

85.

Greep NC, Giuliano AE, Hansen NM, Taketani T, Wang HJ, Singer FR. The effects of adjuvant chemotherapy on bone density in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. Am.J.Med 2003;114(8):653-9.
86.

 Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Powles T, Paterson AH, Ashley S, Spector T. A high incidence of vertebral fracture in women with breast cancer. Br.J.Cancer 1999;79(7-8):1179-81.
87. Baum M, Budzar AU, Cuzick J, Forbes J, Houghton JH, Klijn JG et al. Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359(9324):2131-9.
88 Wells G, Tugwell P, Shea B, Guyatt G, Peterson J, Zytaruk N et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. V. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in treating and preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr.Rev. 2002;23(4):529-39.
89.

Gordon CM, Nelson LM. Amenorrhea and bone health in adolescents and young women. Curr.Opin.Obstet.Gynecol. 2003;15(5):377-84.

90.

Castelo-Branco C, Vicente JJ, Pons F, Martinez de Osaba MJ, Casals E, Vanrell JA. Bone mineral density in young, hypothalamic oligoamenorrheic women treated with oral contraceptives. J.Reprod.Med. 2001;46(10):875-9.

91. Hergenroeder AC, Smith EO, Shypailo R, Jones LA, Klish WJ, Ellis K. Bone mineral changes in young women with hypothalamic amenorrhea treated with oral contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone, or placebo over 12 months. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 1997;176(5):1017-25.
92. National Institutes of Health WebSite, Menopausal Hormone Therapy Information, http://www.nih.gov/PHTindex.htm, 22 March 2004.
93. Women's Health Iinitiative Website, WHI Findings, http://www.whi.org/default.asp, 22 March 2004.
94. Bone HG et al, Ten years of alendronate treatment for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 8;351(2):190-2.
95.  Sambrook P, Olver I, Goss A. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Australian Family Physician 2006, Vol 35, No 10 801-803Top of page